Which of the following is NOT considered a contributing factor to line-of-duty deaths (LODDs)?

Modern designs of apparatus are not typically considered a contributing factor to line-of-duty deaths (LODDs). In fact, advancements in technology and engineering have been implemented to enhance the safety and effectiveness of firefighting and emergency response vehicles. These designs often include safety features that help reduce the potential for accidents and improve overall operational efficiency.

The other options—stress related to cardiovascular issues, poor training, and inadequate equipment—have been well-documented as contributing factors to LODDs. Stress is known to exacerbate health issues, training is critical for proper response and safety protocols, and having inadequate equipment can severely hinder a responder's ability to perform their duties safely. The presence of these factors has been emphasized in various safety reports and studies, pointing to their significant roles in increasing risks in emergency response situations.